Is this a new problem? How long have you been in the house? Looks like a concrete floor, so channeling the water without breaking into the concrete will be difficult. If the water doesn't spread out too far, doing nothing about it going to the sump might be acceptable for now. If the water spreads out too far before it finds the sump, you could put down small sand bags or something similar to contain the water and direct it to the sump...sort of like a miniature containment pond
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As Neal said, patching from the inside is tough because the water pressure pushes against it. It looks like it has been patched before. Probe the hole a little to find out if there is a hollow area behind it. if so, you can try hydraulic cement.
http://www.drylok.com/formulas/fast-plug/ Stuff it in well so that it goes deep and wraps around the inside of the hole. It may not prove to be permanent, but it will give you time to look into a complete basement waterproofing plan.
i was originally thinking of tube sand available the bigbox stores, but then I also saw this:
http://www.homedepot.com/p/Quick-Dam-12-in-x-24-in-Expanding-Barriers-6-Pack-QD1224-6/203556244 - but I never used it so I can't swear by it.