You can get traction paint, either in a spray can or as an additive to mix into regular oil or latex paint.
A very fine grit additive, stir up from the bottom very frequently while painting
If you need both traction and padding, I would suggest a stair runner made of outdoor grade carpeting.
Glue it to the concrete, or pin it down like on an interior staircase, with a metal bar at the base of each riser, fastened to the riser or tread with tapcons or whatever.