My experience is with wood structure with a brick veneer. The wood is protected from water and a gap between the two allow water to drain out the bottom drain holes.
The only time I have seen anything like that, it has been do to freezing the water inside the brick, I doubt that is the case in the basement.
It could be that the paint has sealed the brick and it is pressure from the water in the brick.
I think with this and your rotted joist we might assume it is a water issue, below ground that would require sealing from the outside. That would be digging down to the footing.
If it is coming from above you might seal the brick on the outside with a breathable sealer made for brick. That stops water but still allows it to breath and check all the caulking around windows and repair anything on the outside that might be a problem.
Then as for just leaving the inside, maybe but I would set up some inspection points. Like writing numbers on some bricks in a pattern and take photos so you can compare and monitor.
When a brick wall fails, it will start to bulge in and that can be monitored.
Get a straight edge a strip of plywood , steel or aluminum that will reach from the floor the the joist bay.
Mark the floor 3" from the wall, mark the floor joists 3" from the wall. Place the straight edge on those marks pick a target spot and measure to the wall and log those measurements and spots for future reference.
Then in the future when you worry about the wall you can check for more damage and changing features.
